Turkic Languages

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{{Infobox Language family |name=Turkic |region=Originally from [China to [Siberia and [Eastern Europe |familycolor=Altaic |fam1=[Altaic languages{{cite web|author=Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.)|authorlink=Ethnologue|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90009|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Language Family Trees - Altaic|format=HTML|accessdate=2007-03-18|date=2005--> ([Altaic language#Controversy) |child1=Southwestern ([Oghuz languages) |child2=Northwestern ([Kypchak languages) |child3=Southeastern (Uyghur Turkic) |child4=Northeastern (Siberian Turkic) |child5=[Oghur languages |child6=[Arghu-Turkic language

|map=
Countries and autonomous subdivisions where a Turkic language has official status-->

The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean Sea to Siberia and Western China, and are traditionally considered to be part of the proposed Altaic languages.

Turkic languages are spoken by some 180 million people as a native language; and the total number of Turkic speakers is about 200 million, including speakers as a second language. The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is Turkish language, or Anatolian Turkish, the speakers of which account for about 40% of all Turkic speakers.

Characteristics The characteristic features of the Turkic languages are vowel harmony, extensive Agglutinative language by means of suffixes, and lack of noun classes or grammatical gender. Subject Object Verb word order is universal within the family. All of these distinguishing characteristics are shared with the Mongolic languages and Tungusic languages language families, as well as with the Korean language, which are by some linguists considered to be genetically linked with the Turkic languages in the proposed Altaic languages, a language family rejected by some linguists though plainly accepted in the Voegelin & Voegelin classification (1977:18-19).Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and index of the World's languages. New York: Elsevier.

History across Eurasia. The inclusion of Japanese and Korean might be controversial though accepted by most linguists since Voegelin & Voegelin (1977).

Early written records The first established records of the Turkic languages are the 8th century Orkhon inscriptions by the Göktürks, recording the Old Turkic language, which were discovered in 1889 in the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia. The Compendium of the Turkic Dialects ( Divânü Lügati't-Türk), written during the 11th century by Mahmud al-Kashgari of the Kara-Khanid Khanate, constitutes an early linguistic treatment of the family. The Compendium is the first comprehensive dictionary of the Turkic languages and also includes the first known map of the Turkic speakers' geographical distribution. It mainly pertains to the Oghuz languages of the family.

The Codex Cumanicus (12th century - 13th century) concerning the Kypchak languages is another early linguistic manual, between Kipchak language and Latin, used by the Roman Catholic Church Missionary sent to the Western Cumans inhabiting a region corresponding to present-day Hungary and Romania. The earliest records of the language spoken by Volga Bulgaria, the parent to today's Chuvash language, are dated to 13th century - 14th century.

Geographical expansion and development With the Turkic expansion during Early Middle Ages (c. 6th century - 11th century), Turkic languages, in the course of just a few centuries, spread across Central Asia, stretching from Siberia (the Sakha Republic) to the Mediterranean (Seljuk Turks). Various elements from the Turkic languages have passed into Hungarian language, Persian language, Urdu, Russian language, Chinese language and to a lesser extent, Arabic language.

Classification For centuries, the Turkic speaking peoples have migrated extensively and intermingled continuously, and their languages have been influenced mutually and through language contact with the surrounding languages, especially the Iranian languages, Slavic languages, and Mongolic languages. This has obscured the historical developments within each language and/or language group, and as a result, there exist several systems to classify the Turkic languages. The modern genetic classification schemes for Turkic are still largely indebted to Samoilovich (1922) and are mainly based on the development of *d. However, there are still many elements of questioning for which ongoing research has not yet found an adequate solution.

The Turkic languages may uncontroversially be divided into six branches (Johanson 1998) :

Southwestern (Oghuz languages)

Northwestern (Kypchak languages)

Southeastern (Uyghur Turkic)This branch is also referred to as Uyghuric to distinguish the branch from one of its members, Uyghur language.

Northeastern (Siberian Turkic)

Oghur languages

Arghu-Turkic language

With less certainty, the Southwestern, Northwestern, Southeastern and Oghur groups may further be summarized as West Turkic, the Northeastern, Kyrgyz-Kypchak and Arghu (Khalaj) groups as East Turkic. The reliablity of Ethnologue lies mainly in its statistics whereas its framework for the internal classification of Turkic is still based largely on Baskakov (1962) and the collective work in Deny et al. (1959-1964). A more up to date alternative to classifying these languages on internal camparative grounds is to be found in the work of Johanson and his co-workers.

Geographically and linguistically, the languages of Northwestern, and Southeastern subgroup belong to the central Turkic languages, while the Northeastern and Khalaj languages are the so-called peripheral languages.

Members The following table is based upon the classification scheme presented by Lars Johanson (1998)Lars Johanson (1998) The History of Turkic. In Lars Johanson & Éva Ágnes Csató (eds) The Turkic Languages. London, New York: Routledge, 81-125. {| class="wikitable"| rowspan="17" bgcolor="#d1ebeb" | [Proto-Turkic)| colspan="2" bgcolor="#d6e1ec" style="border-right:none;"| |

Pecheneg language (extinct)

|-| colspan="2" bgcolor="#e4e0f0" | West Oghuz|

Ottoman Turkish language (extinct), Turkish language
Gagauz language
Azerbaijani language

|-| colspan="2" bgcolor="#e4e0f0" | East Oghuz|

|-| colspan="2" bgcolor="#e4e0f0" | South Oghuz|

Afshar language
Dialects of Iran such as Qashqai language, Sonqori, Aynallu, etc.

Kipchak language (extinct)

|-| colspan="2" bgcolor="#e4e0f0" | West Kipchak|

Kumyk language
Karachay-Balkar language
Crimean Tatar language, Urum languageCrimean Tatar and Urum are historically Kypchak languages, but have been heavily influenced by Oghuz languages.
Krymchak language
Cuman language (extinct)
Karaim language

|-| colspan="2" bgcolor="#e4e0f0" | North Kipchak (Volga-Ural)|

Tatar language
Mishar
Bashkir language
Baraba languageTura, Baraba, Tomsk, Tümen, Ishim, Irtysh, Tobol, Tara, etc. are partly of different origin (Johanson 1998)

|-| colspan="2" bgcolor="#e4e0f0" | South Kipchak (Aralo-Caspian)|

Kazakh language
Karakalpak language
Kyrgyz languageOf Altai Turkic origin, but recently closer to Kazakh (Johanson 1998)
Kipchak Uzbek
Nogai language

Uzbek language
Uyghur language
Taranchi

|-| colspan="2" bgcolor="#e4e0f0" | East|

Eastern Turki dialects of Kashgar, Yarkand, Khotan, Kerya, Cherchen, Aksu, Kucha, Turfan, etc.
Western Yugur (Yellow Uyghur)Deviating. Probably of South Siberian origin (Johanson 1998)
Salar languageDeviating. Historically developed from Southwestern (Oghuz) (Johanson 1998)
Old Turkic (extinct)
Chagatai language (extinct)
Aini languageAini is a mixed language with Uyghuric grammar and Persian language vocabulary, and is spoken exclusively by adult men, almost as a cryptolect.
Lop
Ili Turki language

Sakha language (Yakut)
Dolgan language

Tuvan language (Soyot, Uriankhai)
Tofa language

|-| bgcolor="#f1e9df" | Yenisei Turkic|

Khakas language
Fuyü Gïrgïs language
Shor language (Saghay Qaca, Qizil)

|-| bgcolor="#f1e9df" | Chulym Turkic|

Chulym language (Küerik)

|-| bgcolor="#f1e9df" | Altai TurkicSome dialects are close to Kirghiz (Johanson 1998) |

Altay language Oirot and dialects such as Tuba, Qumanda, Qu, Teleut, Telengit

Chuvash language
Khazar language (extinct)
Eurasian Avar language (extinct)
Bolgar language (extinct)
Hunnic language (extinct)

Khalaj languageKhalaj is surrounded by Oghuz languages, but exhibits a number of features that classify it as non-Oghuz.

|}

Vocabulary comparison The following is a brief comparison cognates among the basic vocabulary across the Turkic language family (about 60 words). Note that empty cells do not imply that a particular language is lacking a word to describe the concept, but rather the word is formed from another stem and is not a cognate with the rest of the words in the row. Forms are given in native Latin orthographies unless otherwise noted.

{]!style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Turkish language!style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Azerbaijani language!style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Turkmen language!style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Tatar language!style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Kazakh language!style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kyrgyz language!style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Uzbek language!style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Uyghur language!style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Sakha language!style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Chuvash language|-|rowspan=8|Persons|Father/Ancestor|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Ata|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Ata|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Ata|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Ata|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Ata|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Ata|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Ata|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Ota|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Ata;|style="background-color: #dff1e0"| |style="background-color: #dff1ed"| |-|Mother|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Ana|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Anne|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Ana|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Ene|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Ana|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Ana|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Ene|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Ona|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Ana|style="background-color: #dff1e0"| |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|An'n|-|Son|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|O'gul|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Oğul|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Oğul|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Oğul|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|(O'g)ul|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Ul|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Uul|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|O'gil|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Oghul|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Uol|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Yvul|-|Man|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Er(kek)|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Erkek/Adam|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Kişi|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Erkek|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Ir|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Er/Erkek|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Erkek|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Erkak|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Er|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Er|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Ar|-|Girl|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Kyz|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kız|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Qız|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Gyz|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Kız|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Qız|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kız|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Qiz|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Qiz|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Ky:s|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Xe'r|-|Person|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Kiši|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kişi|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Adam|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Kişi|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Keše|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Kisi|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kishi|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Kishi|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Kishi|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Kihi|style="background-color: #dff1ed"| |-|Bride|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Kelin|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Gelin|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Gəlin|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Geli:n|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Kilen|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Kelin|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kelin|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Kelin|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Kelin|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Kylyn|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Kilen|-|Mother-in-law|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"| |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kaynana|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Qaynana|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Gayın ene|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Kayınana|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Qayın ene|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kaynene|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Qayın ona|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Qeyinana|style="background-color: #dff1e0"| |style="background-color: #dff1ed"| |-|rowspan=16|Body parts|Heart|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Jürek|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Yürek|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Ürək|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Ýürek|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Yorak|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Jürek|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Jürök|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Yurak|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Yürek|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Süreq|style="background-color: #dff1ed"| |-|Blood|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Qan|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kan|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Qan|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Ga:n|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Kan|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Qan|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kan|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Qon|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Qan|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Qa:n|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Jon|-|Head|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Baš|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Baş|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Baş|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Baş|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Baš|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Bas|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Bash|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Bosh|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Baş|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Bas|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Puš|-|Hair|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Qıl|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Tüy/Kıl|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Tük/Qıl|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Qyl|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Kıl|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Qıl|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kıl|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Tuk|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Qil|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Kıl|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Xe'le'r|-|Eye|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Köz|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Göz|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Göz|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Göz|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Küz|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Köz|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Köz|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Ko'z|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Köz|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Kos|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Kör|-|Eyelash|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Kirpik|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kirpik|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Kiprik|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Kirpik|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Kerfek|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Kirpik|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kirpik|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Kiprik|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Kirpik|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Kirbi:|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Xurbuk|-|Ear|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Qulqaq|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kulak|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Qulaq|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Gulak|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Kolak|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Qulaq|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kulak|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Quloq|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Qulaq|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Gulka:k|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Xo'lga|-|Nose|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Burun|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Burun|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Burun|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Burun|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Boryn|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Murın|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Murun|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Burun|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Burun|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Murun|style="background-color: #dff1ed"| |-|Arm|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Qol|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kol|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Qol|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Gol|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Kul|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Qol|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kol|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Qo'l|style="background-color: #e8f1df"| |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Qol|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Xol|-|Hand|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|El(ig)|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|El|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Əl|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|El|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"| |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Alaqan|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Alakan|style="background-color: #f0f1df"| |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Qol|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Ili:|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Ala'|-|Finger|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Barmak|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Parmak|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Barmaq|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Barmak|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Barmak|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Barmaq|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Barmak|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Barmoq|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Barmaq|style="background-color: #dff1e0"| |style="background-color: #dff1ed"| |-|Fingernail|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Tyrnaq|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Tırnak|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Dırnaq|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Dyrnaq|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Tyrnak|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Tırnaq|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Tırnak|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Tirnoq|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Tirnaq|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Tynyraq|style="background-color: #dff1ed"| |-|Knee|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Tiz|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Diz|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Diz|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Dy:z|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Tez|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Tize|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Tize|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Tizza|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Tiz|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Tüsäχ|style="background-color: #dff1ed"| |-|Calf|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Baltyr|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Baldır|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Baldır|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Baldyr|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Baltyr|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Baldır|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Baldır|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Boldyr|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Baldir|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Ballyr|style="background-color: #dff1ed"| |-|Foot|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Adaq|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Ayak|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Ayaq|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Aýaq|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Ajak|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Ayaq|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Ayak|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Oyoq|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Ayaq|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Ataq|style="background-color: #dff1ed"| |-|Belly|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Qaryn|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Karın|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Qarın|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Garyn|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Qaryn|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Qarın|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Karın|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Qorin|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Qerin|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Qaryn|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Xyra'm|-|rowspan=5|Animals|Horse|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|At|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|At|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|At|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|At|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|At|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|At|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|At|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Ot|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|At|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|At|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Ut|-|Cattle|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Siyir|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Sığır/Mal|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Mal-qara|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Sygyr|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Sıyer|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Sïır|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Sıyır(Southern)|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Sigir|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Siyir|style="background-color: #dff1e0"| |style="background-color: #dff1ed"| |-|Dog|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Yt|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|İt|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|İt|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|It|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Et|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Ït|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|It|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|It|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|It|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Yt|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Jyda|-|Fish|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Balyq|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Balık|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Balıq|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Balyk|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Balyq|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Balıq|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Balık|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Baliq|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Beliq|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Balyk|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Pola'|-|Louse|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Bit|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Bit|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Bit|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Bit|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Bet|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Bït|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Bit|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Bit|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Pit|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Byt|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Pyjda|-|rowspan=18|Other nouns|House|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Ev|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Ev|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Ev|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Öý|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Öy|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Üy|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Üy|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Uy|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Öy|style="background-color: #dff1e0"| |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Av|-|Tent|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Otag|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Otağ/Çadır|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Çadır|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Otaq/Chadyr|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"| |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Otaw|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Çatır|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Otoq/Chodir|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Otaq|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Otu:|style="background-color: #dff1ed"| |-|Way|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Yol|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Yol|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Yol|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Yo:l|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Yul|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Jol|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Jol|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Yo'l|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Yol|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Suol|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Sol|-|Bridge|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Köprüq|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Köprü|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Körpü|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Köpri|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Küpar|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Köpir|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Köpürö|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Ko'prik|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Kövrük|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Kürpe|style="background-color: #dff1ed"| |-|Arrow|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Oq|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Ok|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Ox|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Ok|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Uk|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Oq|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Ok|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|O'q|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Oq|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Oχ|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Ugu|-|Fire|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Ot|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Od|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Od|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Ot|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Ut|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Ot|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Ot|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|O't|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Ot|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Uot|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Vot|-|Ash|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Kül|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kül|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Kül|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Kül|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Köl|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Kül|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kül|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Kul|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Kül|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Kül|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Kö'l|-|Water|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Suv|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Su|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Su|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Suw|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Syw|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Sw|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Suu|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Suv|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Su|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Ui|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Syv|-|Ship|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Kemi|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Gemi|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Gəmi|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Gämi|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Kimä|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Keme|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Keme|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Kema|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|keme|style="background-color: #dff1e0"| |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Kim|-|Lake|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Köl|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Göl|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Göl|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Köl|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Kül|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Köl|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Köl|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Ko'l|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Köl|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Küöl|style="background-color: #dff1ed"| |-|Sun/Day|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Küneš|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Güneş/Gün|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Günəş/Gün|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Gün|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Kojaš|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Kün|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kün|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Quyosh/Kun|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Kün|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Kün|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Xövel|-|Cloud|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Bulut|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Bulut|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Bulud|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Bulut|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Bolyt|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Bult|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Bulut|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Bulut|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Bulut|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Bylyt|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Pelet|-|Star|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Yulduz|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Yıldız|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Ulduz|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Ýyldyz|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Yoldyz|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Juldız|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Jıldız|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Yulduz|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Yultuz|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Sulus|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Soldor|-|Earth|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Topraq|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Toprak|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Torpaq|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Toprak|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Tufrak|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Topıraq|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Topurak|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Tuproq|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Tupraq|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Toburaχ|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|To'pra|-|Hilltop|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Töpü|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Tepe|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Təpə|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Depe|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Tübä|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Töbe|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Töbö|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Tepa|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Töpe|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Töbö|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Tübe'|-|Tree|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Yağac|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Ağaç|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Ağac|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Agaç|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Agaç|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Ağaş|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Darak|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Daraht|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Dereh|style="background-color: #dff1e0"| |style="background-color: #dff1ed"| |-|God|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Tenri|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Tanrı|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Tanrı|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Taňry|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"| |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Täñiri|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Teñir|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Tangri|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Tengri|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Tanara|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Tura|-|Sky|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Kök|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Gök|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Göy|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Gök|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Kük|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Kök|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kök|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Ko'k|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Kök|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Küöq|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Kovak|-|rowspan=7|Adjectives|Long|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Uzun|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Uzun|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Uzun|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Uzyn|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Ozyn|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Uzın|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Uzun|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Uzun|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Uzun|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Uhun|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Vorom|-|New|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Yany|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Yeni|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Yeni|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Yany|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Yana|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Jaña|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Jañı|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Yangi|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Yengi|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Sana|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Sene|-|Fat|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Semiz|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Semiz|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Kök/Piyli|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Semiz|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Simyz|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Semiz|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Semiz|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Semiz|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Semiz|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Emis|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Samar|-|Full|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Tolu|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Dolu|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Dolu|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Do:ly|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Tuly|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Tolı|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Tolo|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|To'la|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Toluq|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Toloru|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Tolli|-|White|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Aq|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Ak|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Ağ|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Ak|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Ak|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Aq|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Ak|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Oq|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Aq|style="background-color: #dff1e0"| |style="background-color: #dff1ed"| |-|Black|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Qara|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kara|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Qara|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Gara|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Kara|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Qara|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kara|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Qora|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Qara|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Xara|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Xora|-|Red|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Qyzyl|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kızıl|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Qızıl|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Gyzyl|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Kyzyl|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Qızıl|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kızıl|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Qizil|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Qizil|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Kyhyl|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Xerle|-|rowspan=6|Numbers|1|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Bir|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Bir|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Bir|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Bir|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Ber|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Bir|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Bir|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Bir|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Bir|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Bi:r|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Perre|-|2|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Eki|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|İki|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|İki|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Iki|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|İke|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Eki|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Eki|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Ikki|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Ikki|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Ikki|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Ikke'|-|4|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Tört|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Dört|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Dörd|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Dö:rt|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Dürt|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Tört|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Tört|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|To'rt|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Töt|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Tüört|style="background-color: #dff1ed"| |-|7|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Yeti|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Yedi|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Yeddi|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Yedi|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Yide|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Jeti|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Jeti|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Yetti|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Yättä|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Sette|style="background-color: #dff1ed"| |-|10|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|On|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|On|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|On|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|O:n|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|U|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|On|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|On|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|O'n|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|On|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Uon|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Vonu|-|100|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Yüz|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Yüz|style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Yüz|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Yü:z|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Yüz|style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Jüz|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Jüz|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Yuz|style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Yüz|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Sü:s|style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Ser|-!!!style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Old Turkic language!style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Turkish language!style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Azerbaijani language!style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Turkmen language!style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Tatar language!style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Kazakh language!style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kyrgyz language!style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Uzbek language!style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Uyghur language!style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Sakha language!style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Chuvash language|}

References Further reading

Baskakov, N.A. 1962, 1969. Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages. Moscow. (In Russian)
Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006. Turkic languages in contact. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3447052120
Clausen, Gerard. 1972. An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Deny, Jean et al. 1959-1964. Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. The Turkic languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 81-125.
Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: Encyclopaedia Britannica. CD 98. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, 5 sept. 2007.
Menges, K. H. 1968. The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415141982
Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages. Petrograd.
Schönig, Claus. 1997-1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III." Turkic Languages 1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151.
Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and index of the World's languages. New York: Elsevier.